The first class includes, but is not restricted to, the polygraph itself. Techniques for detecting real and potential violations of security can be roughly divided into four classes. In Chapter 7 we take up issues involved in making policy decisions about the use of these techniques, including ways of assessing the costs and benefits of using particular techniques and ways of combining techniques. It focuses in particular on the potential of recently emerging technologies, including those that measure brain activity, some of which have recently received considerable attention, and those that rely on measures of externally observable behaviors. This chapter considers some of those alternative techniques. Their decisions must consider the net benefits and costs of a range of options for achieving these objectives by using the polygraph and other techniques for detecting deception that may supplement or substitute for the polygraph. Public officials responsible for maintaining national security should consider polygraph policies in relation to other policy options that rely on alternative means of detecting deception and deterring violations to security.
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